Current status and influential factors associated with adherence to self-monitoring of blood glucose with type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in grassroots communities: a cross-sectional survey based on information-motivation-behavior skills model in China

ObjectiveSelf-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) plays a vital role in the maintenance of blood glucose with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) and pre-diabetes patients. The study was intended to describe the current status of SMBG with T2DM and pre-diabetes patients in grassroots communities, explore the relationship between SMBG frequency and blood glucose level and apply information-motivation-behavior(IMB) model to analyze the potential influencing factors of SMBG compliance based on electronic questionnaires.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted with 1388 T2DM and pre-diabetes patients who completed electronic questionnaires composed of demographics and IMB model content. Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test and multivariable logistic regression model analysis were utilized to explore deeply causes of SMBG compliance.ResultsThe results of this study showed that among 1388 T2DM patients, only 26.2% (363/1388) patients reached SMBG standard, indicating low compliance with SMBG. Given that SMBG is one of the individual predictors of type 2 risk in prediabetes patients, this result suggests that the SMBG compliance rate needs to be improved. Patients with fixed occupation (OR=1.989, P=0.035), BMI in normal range (OR=1.336, P=0.049), smoking habit(OR=1.492, P=0.019), understanding SMBG frequency (OR=1.825, P<0.001), understanding control goal of blood glucose (OR=1.414, P<0.001), knowing all the functions of the blood glucose meter (OR=1.923, P<0.001), buying a blood glucose meter/test paper conveniently(OR=2.329, P=0.047), taking supplementary measurement when forgetting blood glucose test(OR=2.044, P=0.005), rotating all the fingers when measuring blood glucose (OR=1.616, P<0.001) and less pain at the needling site(OR=2.114, P<0.001)were independently promoting factors of adherence to SMBG. However, the lack of accessibility and convenience of blood glucose meter or heavy financial burden were blocking factors of adherence to SMBG. Moreover, there were still bottlenecks such as lack of health care knowledge and needle pricking pain.ConclusionThis study verified the practicability of applying IMB model to SMBG with T2DM and pre-diabetes patients. Adherence to SMBG still remained to improved, and putting more emphasis in improvement of individual information, motivation and behavioral skills with patients might be beneficial to maintain better adherence to SMBG in long-term routine of diabetes self-management

Near field wireless power transfer for multiple receivers by using a novel magnetic core structure

A Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) method is proposed by using a novel magnetic core structure. Similar to those transformers, magnetic cores are utilized as main object that conducts magnetic flux in the proposed cell. Power is transferred through near magnetic field and the distance between the receiver and the transmitter is thus relatively short. Every basic cell has only one primary side, where the magnetic cores of different permeabilities are combined to build a multi-transmitter structure for multiple receivers. By arranging and guiding the flux via a specific magnetic path, it offers some space of freedom for the locations of the multiple receivers. The usage of the magnetic core also increases the coupling coefficients between the primary-side transmitter and secondary-side receivers compared to core-less WPT using spiral coils. Analysis of the three working modes of the proposed WPT cell is presented. Experimental results show that the proposed basic cell with three receivers achieves 85% efficiency at 100W

Formation and early development of the Monostroma nitidum Wittrock

The monostromatic green macroalga Monostroma nitidum Wittrock is attracting global attention due to its commercial importance. In this study, field Monostroma strains were collected from Dalang, Naozhou Island, on the South China Sea Coast of Zhanjiang City. They were identified as M. nitidum using morphological and developmental characteristics combined with nuclear-encoded internal transcribed spacer sequences. Moreover, the early ontogeny of M. nitidum was observed for the first time in detail under a photomicroscope. The active zoospores had a spherical shape, were 6.88 μm in diameter, and completely settled on the Petri dish 1 day after release. The first transverse division of settled zoospores occurred on the 3rd day; the length of the elongate cells was 15.94 μm. Longitudinal divisions started to occur in the middle and at the top of erect filaments (61.27 μm in length) on the 12th day, and rhizoids began to appear at the posterior end of the microscopic filamentous thallus. The sac-like microthallus (113.79 μm in length) that developed from erect filaments was observed on the 18th day and divided longitudinally towards the rhizoids to produce expanded monostromatic blades (178.96 μm in length) on the 24th day. These data increase our understanding of the ontogeny of M. nitidum